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LONDON - A few years ago, I was a guest on \u201cStart the Week,\u201d a BBC radio discussion show. Among the other guests was the novelist Eva Figes<\/a>, a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany and a fierce critic of Israel. Israel, she suggested, would have built gas chambers<\/a> to exterminate the Palestinians<\/a> but for the fear it would \u201cbe found out.\u201d<\/p>\nWhat astonished me was not simply Ms Figes's comment itself, but the fact that I was the only one who challenged her on it. The other guests may well have felt that a Holocaust survivor had some special licence to speak harshly about Israel; I certainly don't see them as anti-Semitic. But in suggesting without a speck of evidence that Israelis had a desire to build gas chambers, Ms Figes had, for me, given the history of the Holocaust, crossed a line.<\/p>\n
What the incident revealed was that many anti-Semitic ideas have become such an acceptable part of the liberal view on Israel that they are barely seen as such anymore. They have become almost invisible.<\/p>\n
I was reminded of that discussion as the question of anti-Semitism has returned to Europe - often disguised as anger against Israel's assault on Gaza. Synagogues have been attacked, Jewish-owned shops smashed, Jews beaten up. At pro-Palestinian demonstrations in London, placards comparing Israelis to Nazis have become common. There have even, reportedly, been chants of \u201cgas the Jews<\/a>\u201d at demonstrations in Germany.<\/p>\n Today's anti-Semitism in Europe is more than a replay of old themes; it is also the product of new developments. One is the growth of Muslim communities, or rather, their transformation.<\/p>\n In the 1970s and \u201980s, Muslim communities in Europe were broadly secular. Since the late \u201980s, though, secular movements have been marginalised, while religious fervor has grown. Support for the Palestinian cause has always been strong, but only recently has a fervent anti-Semitism become entrenched.<\/p>\n It might be convenient for some to simply blame the growth of reactionary tendencies within Muslim communities for the new anti-Semitism, but the truth is more complicated. A 2008 survey<\/a> by the Pew Global Attitudes Project showed that hostility to Jews had increased in most European nations.<\/p>\n In Britain, Muslims make up 4.6 per cent of the population<\/a>; in France, 7.5 per cent. The proportion of people who possessed unfavourable views of Jews in those countries was, respectively, 9 percent and 20 percent. But in Spain, where just 2.3 percent of the population is Muslim, almost half the population was ill disposed towards Jews, a figure that had more than doubled in three years. In Poland, there are just 20,000 Muslims, or about 0.1 per cent of the population; more than a third of Poles held anti-Semitic views.<\/p>\n In other words, there is no clear correlation in Europe between the level of popular anti-Semitism and the size of the Muslim population. In fact, it is in those countries with fewer Muslims that anti-Semitism seems most prevalent.<\/p>\n One explanation for this is that many of the drivers of change within Muslim communities that have paved the way for greater hostility towards Jews have had an equally corrosive effect on public opinion at large. The rise of identity politics has helped create a more fragmented, tribal society, and made sectarian hatred more acceptable generally.<\/p>\n At the same time, the emergence of \u201canti-politics,\u201d the growing contempt for mainstream politics and politicians noticeable throughout Europe, has laid the groundwork for a melding of radicalism and bigotry. Many perceive a world out of control and driven by malign forces; conspiracy theories, once confined to the fringes of politics, have become mainstream.<\/p>\n Anti-Semitism has become a catchall sentiment for many different groups of angry people. The distinction between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism has eroded, as many see Israeli action in terms of grand conspiracies. Thus someone can imagine that Israel would build gas chambers on the West Bank if it could get away with it.<\/p>\n Perhaps in no country are the corrosive effects more visible than in France. And perhaps no figure better represents the character of the new anti-Semitism than the stand-up comic Dieudonn\u00e9 M'Bala M'Bala, notorious for popularising the \u201cquenelle,\u201d<\/a> a hand gesture that, for some, is an expression of hatred for the system, and for others, an anti-Semitic taunt. In reality, it is both: Dieudonn\u00e9's popularity shows how inchoate anger against \u201cthe system\u201d and anti-Semitic sentiment can all too easily become fused, and his success rests on his ability to blur the two.<\/p>\n But Jews are not the only object of this free-floating rage. The Pew survey showed<\/a> not just that anti-Semitism had increased throughout Europe, but also that the \u201cpublics that view Jews unfavourably also tend to see Muslims in a negative light.\u201d The fusion of xenophobia, conspiracy theory, identity politics and anti-politics that has nurtured the new anti-Semitism has also cultivated hostility to Muslims. The Pew report found that in every country surveyed, \u201cOpinions about Muslims in almost all of these countries are considerably more negative than are views of Jews.\u201d<\/p>\n Against this background, what is troubling is that many who rightly challenge anti-Semitism do so in a way that fuels anti-Muslim prejudice. Many commentators talk of anti-Semitism as an almost wholly Muslim problem<\/a>, and have used the growth of anti-Semitism to question the wisdom of allowing Muslim immigration to Europe. Others suggest<\/a> that Muslim support for Palestine shows that Muslims cannot be truly integrated into Western societies.<\/p>\n Such arguments only entrench further hostility towards \u201cthe other,\u201d and so inflame not just anti-Muslim but anti-Jewish sentiment, too. Israel's action in Gaza should not be a moral shield for complaisance with anti-Semitism in Europe. But neither should anti-Semitism be a moral shield for the justification of anti-Muslim prejudices. Bigots on both sides need to be held to account.<\/p>\n